What is microbial fermentation?

Microbial fermentation is a biological process in which microorganisms like bacteria, yeast, or fungi convert organic compounds—such as sugars—into products like alcohol, acids, gases, or bioactive molecules. This process is widely used in food production (like yogurt, cheese, and beer), pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology industries to produce enzymes, antibiotics, and other valuable products. Microbial fermentation can occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, depending on the microorganism and the desired end product. It is a key technology for sustainable manufacturing and plays a crucial role in both traditional and modern industries.