What are some common challenges Java web developers face when working on large-scale web applications?

Java Web Developers often encounter challenges such as managing complex codebases, ensuring application scalability, and optimizing performance under high user loads. Working with frameworks like Spring or Hibernate requires careful attention to maintainability and modularity, especially when collaborating with other developers on the same project. Additionally, integrating with front-end technologies and third-party APIs can introduce compatibility and security concerns, making effective communication and ongoing testing critical to success.