What is a quantum algorithm?

Quantum algorithms are specialized sets of instructions designed to run on quantum computers, utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics such as superposition and entanglement. Unlike classical algorithms, quantum algorithms can solve certain problems much faster, such as factoring large numbers or searching databases. Notable examples include Shor's algorithm for integer factorization and Grover's algorithm for unsorted database search. As quantum computers develop, quantum algorithms are expected to revolutionize fields like cryptography, optimization, and materials science.