What are common challenges faced by OS kernel developers when debugging kernel-level code?

Debugging kernel-level code can be particularly challenging due to the lack of traditional debugging tools and the potential for system instability. Since kernel bugs can lead to crashes or data corruption, developers often rely on specialized tools like kernel debuggers, logging, and virtual machines to safely test changes. Additionally, reproducing bugs can be difficult because issues may only appear under specific hardware or workload conditions. Collaboration with hardware engineers and other system developers is often necessary to resolve complex issues efficiently.